RONALD H. BALLOU
RONALD H. BALLOU Professor of Operations
Department of Operations
Weatherhead School of Management
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio 44106
Education: B.M.E. (1960) - The Ohio State University, Major in Mechanical Engineering
M.B.A. (1963) - The Ohio State University
Ph.D. (1965) - The Ohio State University, Business Administration with specialization in Business Logistics
Academic experience:
1996-2000 Head, Division of Operations Management
1993-95 Director of the Professional Fellows Program
1991 Program Co-chair POMS Conference
1979-1987 Head, Division of Operations Management
1977-1978 Acting Head, Division of Marketing
1975-1976 Director, Full-time MBA program
1968-present Case Western Reserve University, Weatherhead School of Management
1972-1973 Visiting Associate Professor of Marketing and Transportation, Michigan State University
1965-1968 Assistant Professor, Quantitative Methods, Northwestern University
Professional Activities And Honors:
Listed in Who's Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who's Who in the Midwest, Who’s Who in Education, and American Men and Women in Science
The Institute of Management Sciences (member)
Council of Logistics Management (member) and Vice President of Cleveland Roundtable (past)
Transportation Research Forum (past member)
Bernard J. LaLonde Best Paper Award - Journal of Business Logistics (2003) with Apostolos Burnetas
First Prize Paper - 1979 Logistics Educators' Conference (E. Grosvenor Plowman award)
Ramlose Foundation Research Award - 1965 Prize Paper
H&S Prize Paper Contest - 1967 Award Winner
1959-60 Annual Engineering Undergraduate Award and Scholarship, Design Program of Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation
Member of the Editorial Review Board of the Journal of Business Logistics (Since 1983)
Member of the Editorial Review Board of The International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management (Since 1985)
Member of the Quality Committee of the Board of the American Red Cross: Blood Services (since 1994)
Member of the Advisory Board of the Council of Logistics Management–Cleveland Roundtable (since 1994)
Business experience:
1984 to 1991 Consultant to Accenture (Previously Andersen Consulting)
1980 to 1987 Retained consultant to Leaseway Transportation Corporation
1977-1978 Retained consultant to A. T. Kearney, Inc. (Management Consultants)
1962-1964 Westinghouse Electric Company, Major Appliance Division, Quality Control and Reliability Engineer
1961-1962 Westinghouse Electric Company, Major Appliance Division, Engineer, Room Air Conditioner Section
Consultant to (selected list):
Company Project Nature
DuBois Chemical Company Distribution System Planning and Plant Location
Muller Packaging Corp Market Potential Study
Mogul Corporation Market Potential Study and Warehouse Plant Location
Lear-Siegler Production Scheduling, Inventory Control
Bobbie Brooks, Inc. Sales Forecasting
Chase Metals Services Inventory Control
Anchor Hocking Raw Materials Availability and Rail Car Strategy
Borden Foods Inventory Control and Warehouse Location
Revco Drug Stores Warehouse Location
The
Kingsley Group
Seber
Logistics Consulting
The Alliance Group Penske Logistics
The Austin Company
Staubach
Drake
Sheahan/Stewart
Dougall, Inc.
Arthur Andersen LLP
A. T. Kearney, Inc.
United
Management
Consultants, Inc.
Logistics Resource, Inc.
Cresap, McCormick
and Paget, Inc.
Dialog Systems, Inc.
Semco, Sweet, and Mayers
Garr Consulting Group
Booz, Allen, and Hamilton
CSX Sea-Land Logistics
Gulf and Western Warehouse Location
Beatrice Foods Warehouse Location
Ball Corporation Distribution System Planning
Puritan Chemical Distribution System Planning and Plant Location
Kelsey-Hayes Production Scheduling Model
Walgreens Warehouse Location
Gibco/Invenex Distribution Systems Planning
Cole National Plant Location
Zayre Corporation Facility Location
Brunswick Physical Distribution System Redesign
Hoover Warehouse Location
Republic Steel Plant Location
Star Kist and Heinz Foods Inventory evaluation and Plant/Warehouse Location
Michigan-Wisconsin Inventory Consolidation
Pipe Line Company
Scott Foresman Industries Warehouse Location
Gray Drug Distribution System Design
Leaseway Transportation Truck Maintenance Facilities Location Model
Corporation Expert witness in transportation software litigation
Bell South Warehouse Location
Southwestern Bell Warehouse Location
Batesville Casket Company Truck Scheduling
Standard Oil Company Distribution Network Planning
Ameritech Warehouse Location
Man-Gill Chemical Co. Warehouse Location
Sun-Diamond Growers Assoc. Warehouse Location
Acme Cleveland Inventory Planning
Freshnes (Nestle') Plant location
Premier Industrial Private transport evaluation
United Research for Work Center Location
Bell Atlantic
Purina Mills Distribution System Design
Reliance Electric Co. Marketing plan for a logistics alliance
Sherwin-Williams Distribution Network Design
Heilig-Meyers Furniture Co. Distribution Network Design
Olympic Steel Operations Audit
Storck USA Distribution Network Design
Cementos Apasco Distribution Network Design
Parker Hannifin Physical Distribution Audit and System Design
Alpha Owens Corning Distribution Network Design
Kichler Lighting Distribution Network Design
TeamNEO Distribution Network Design
Speaker to such management groups as:
Advanced Transportation Program at Northwestern University
Physical Distribution Conference at Temple University
Annual Physical Distribution Seminar at Michigan State University
Food Distribution Research Society
Council of Logistics Management (National and local)
Logistics Management Seminar at University of Washington
Logistics Management Program Pennsylvania State University
American Institute of Industrial Engineers
International Seminar on Logistics for Modus Logistica Aplicada (Sao Paolo, Brazil)
Transportation Research Forum
Congreso Internacional de Logistics ( Puerto Vallarta, Mexico)
II Foro de Operaciones (Madrid, Spain)
Selected Software Users (Since 1984)
|
Gerber Products Co. |
Booz-Allen & Hamilton (USA & Europe) |
|
Amway |
Montgomery Ward |
|
W. R. Grace/Ole' Home Centers |
McClier Corporation |
|
Xerox Corporation |
Whirpool Corporation |
|
Leaseway Transportation Corporation |
Heilig-Meyers Furniture |
|
Wisconsin Power |
Cementos Apasco (Mexico) |
|
Andersen Consulting |
The Alliance Logistics Consulting Group |
|
W. W. Grainger |
KPMG Peat Marwick (USA & Canada) |
|
Pic'N'Sav |
Seber Logistics Consulting |
|
Work Wear, Inc. |
The Kingsley Group |
|
General Foods |
Deliotte & Touche |
|
Rudy's Farms, Div. of Sara Lee |
Storck USA |
|
Revco Drug Stores (CVS Pharmacy) |
Volkswagen USA |
|
Man-Gill Chemical Company |
Becton Dickinson |
|
Logistics Management Institute |
Kohl’s Department Stores |
|
CSX Sea-Land Logistics |
Bausch & Lomb |
|
Defense Logistics Agency |
Synergy Solutions Group |
|
Freshnes (Nestle') |
Computrex |
|
Witte (Sentry) Hardware |
Ernst & Young SA |
|
Purina Mills |
Brewers Distributor Ltd. |
|
Yuasa-Exide |
Modus Logistica Aplicada (Brazil) |
|
Mobil Chemical-Films Division |
AOC |
|
Product Development Corporation |
Contech |
|
TTX Company |
General Cable |
|
The Facilities Group |
Lubrizol |
|
Ryder Systems, Inc |
Parker Hannifin Corp. |
|
Home Depot |
Rilisa (Brazil) |
|
Arthur Andersen LLP |
OfficeMax |
|
Bunge Fertilizantes S.A |
William Carter Company |
|
Kichler Lighting |
Xerox S.A. |
|
PepBoys |
The Body Shop |
|
Bed Bath & Beyond |
TeamNEO |
ROUTER
Amway
Batesville Casket Co.
Gelco Distribution Services
Sunshine Industries, Inc.
Proctor & Gamble (India)
NETWORK is a computer planning model to aid in the design of logistics networks. It is primarily used for planning the location of plants and warehouses. It has been applied in about 100 applications and used by numerous consulting firms in their practice.
ROUTER is a computer model to assist truck dispatchers in planning truck routes on a frequent basis. It is installed in a 50-depot application of a Fortune 500 company plus a few other companies.
Publications:
Business Logistics/Supply Chain Management, 5th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973, 1985, 1992, 1999, 2004) with instructors' manual and decision support software. Translated into Spanish (1991, 2004), Dutch (1992), Portuguese (2001, 2005), and Chinese (2004).
"Computer Methods in Physical Distribution Management", in James F. Robesen and Robert G. House (eds.), The Distribution Handbook (New York: The Free Press, 1985), pp. 410-427 (With R. G. House).
Basic Business Logistics, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1978, 1987) with instructors' manual. Translated into Japanese (1992) and Portuguese (1993).
"Computer Models in Physical Distribution" in Carl Heyel (ed.) International Handbook of Automatic Data Processing, (New York: McGraw Hill, 1971), Chapter 4, pp. 49-57.
"Exploring Time Lag Effects in a Computer-Distributed Physical Distribution System," International Journal of Physical Distribution, Monograph Series, (February, 1976).
“Managing Returns on a Delivery Route” with Kamlesh Mathur
and Ahmad Alshamrani. In prepration for Transportation Research.
“Reverse Logistics: Simultaneous Design of Delivery Routes and Returns Strategies” with Kamlesh Mathur and Ahmad Alshamrani. Forthcoming in Computers and Operations Research.
“The Evolution and Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management” To appear in Produção.
ARTICLES
“Revenue Estimation for Logistics Customer Service Offerings” International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2006), pp. 21-37.
“Planning Multi-Location Inventories” Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2003), pp. 65-89. (with Apostolos Burnetas). Bernard J. LaLonde Best Paper Award.
“Selected Country Circuity Factors for Road Travel Distance Estimation,” Transportation Research Part A, Vol. 36 (2002), pp. 843-848 (with Handoko Rahardja and Noriaki Sakai)
“Unresolved Issues in Supply Chain Network Design” Information Systems Frontiers, Vol. 3, No. 4 (December 2001), pp. 417-425.
“Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem with Restocking” Transportation Science, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2000), pp. 99-112. (With Wen-Huei Yang and Kamlesh Mather)
“Evaluating Inventory Management Performance Using a Turnover Curve” International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Vol. 30, No. 1 (2000), pp. 72-85.
“New Managerial Challenges from Supply Chain Opportunities” Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 29. No. 1 (January 2000), pp. 7-18. (With Stephen Gilbert and Ashok Mukerjee)
“Supply Chain Benefits from Advanced Customer Commitments” Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 18 (1999), pp. 61-73. (With Stephen M. Gilbert)
“Fellowship in Lifelong Learning: An Executive Development Program for Advanced Professionals” Journal of Management Education, Vol. 23, No. 4 (August 1999), pp. 338-354. (With David Bowers, David Kolb, and Richard Boyatzis)
“Facility Location Commercial Software Survey” (With James Masters), Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20, No. 1 (1999), pp. 215-233.
"Optimizing Auto Carrier Loading" Transportation Science, Vol. 32, No. 2 (1998), pp. 174-188. (With Kamlesh Mathur and Gerald Agbegha)
"Business Logistics¾Importance and Some Research Opportunities,” Gestao & Producao, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1997), pp. 117-129.
"Warehouse Location with Uncertain Stock Availability" Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 17, No. 2 (1996), pp. 197-216. (With Hamid Meshkat)
"Logistics Network Design: Modeling and Informational Considerations, " International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1995), pp. 39-54.
"Measuring Transport Costing Error in Customer Aggregation for Facility Location," Transportation Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Spring 1994), pp. 49-59.
"Commercial Software for Locating Warehouses and Other Facilities" Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1993) , pp. 71-107. (With James Masters)
"The Accuracy in Estimating Truck Class Rates for Logistical Planning," Transportation Research-A, Vol. 25A, No. 6 (1991), pp. 327-337.
"A Continued Comparison of Several Popular Algorithms for Vehicle Routing and Scheduling," Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1990), pp. 111-126.
"Heuristics: Rules of Thumb for Logistics Decision Making", Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1989), pp. 122-132.
"A Performance Comparison of Several Popular Algorithms for Vehicle Routing and Scheduling", Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1988), pp. 51-65. (With Yogesh Agarwal)
"Information Considerations for Logistics Network Planning" International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, Vol. 17, No. 7 (1987), pp. 3-14.
"Research Perspectives in Vehicle Routing and Scheduling", Transportation Research, Vol. 20A, No. 3 (1986), pp. 239-243 (With Kevin Bott)
"DISPLAN: A Multiproduct Plant/Warehouse Location Model with Nonlinear Inventory Costs", Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 5, No. 1 (November, 1984), pp. 75-90.
"Vehicle Routing and Scheduling with Intermediate Movements", Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1983), pp. 75-94. (With Kevin Bott)
"Measuring Physical Distribution Performance", Auerbach Publishers Inc., Distribution Management Series, (1983), pp. 1-12 (With Omar K. Helferich)
"A Proposed Computer Model for Strategic Inventory Deployment," in Logistics: Issues for the 80's, J. H. Campbell and M. Nishi, eds. (Shaker Heights, Ohio: Corinthian Press, 1982, pp. 81-88).
"Estimating and Auditing Aggregate Inventory Levels at Multiple Stocking Points," Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 1, No. 3, (February, 1981), pp. 143-153.
"How to Tell When Distribution Strategy Needs Revision," Marketing News, Vol. XIV, No. 22, (May, 1981), p. 11-12.
"Reformulating a Logistics Strategy," International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, Vol. 11, No. 8, (1981), pp. 71-83. Republished in Vol. 23, No. 5 (1993), pp. 30-38.
"MSVS–An Extended Computer Model for Transport Mode Selection and Vehicle Scheduling," The Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 16, No. 4, (1980), pp. 325-338.
"A Case Analysis of Matheson Foods", International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, Vol. 10, No. 1, (1979).
"An Extended Distribution Analysis to Support Marketing and Production Planning," Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 1, No. 1, (1979).
"A Performance Evaluation of Freight Transportation Modes," The Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, (1978), pp. 99-115. (With J. E. Piercy)
"Computer Methods in Transportation-Distribution," Transportation Journal, (Winter, 1976), pp. 72-85.
"Determining the Sales Potential in Physical Distribution Service," The Delta Nu Alphian, (November, 1975), pp. 25-29.
"A Survey of Current Status and Trends in Transportation and Logistics Education," Transportation Journal, (Winter, 1974), pp. 27-36. (With J. E. Piercy)
"Planning a Sales Strategy with Distribution Service," The Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 9, No 4 (February, 1974), pp. 323-333.
"Computer Applications in Logistics/Distribution," Journal of Food Distribution Research, (February, 1974), pp. 17-22.
"Improved Stock Location in the Physical Distribution Channel," International Journal of Physical Distribution, (Summer, 1973), pp. 323- 340.
"Potential Error in the Center of Gravity Approach to Facility Location," Transportation Journal, (Winter, 1973), pp. 44-50.
"Computational Limitations of Dynamic Programming for Warehouse Location, A Comment," Journal of Marketing Research, (May, 1970), pp. 263-264.
"Broadening and Unifying Marketing Logistics," The Logistics Review, Vol. 6, (Winter, 1970), pp. 5-23.
"Probabilities and Payoffs: Aids to Distribution Decision Making," Transportation and Distribution Management, (August, 1969), pp. 27-31.
"Locating Warehouses in a Logistics System," The Logistics Review, Vol. 4, (September-October, 1968), pp. 23-40.
"Quantitative Methods–What They are and How to Use Them," Handling & Shipping, Vol. 8, (December, 1967), pp. 39-43.
"Dynamic Warehouse Location Analysis," Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 5, No. 3 (August, 1968), pp. 271-276.
"Improving the Physical Layout of Merchandise in Warehouses," Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31, No. 3, (July, 1967), pp. 60-67.
"Transport Selection by Interfirm Analysis," Transportation & Distribution Management, Vol. 7, No. 6, (June, 1967), pp. 33-37. (With Daniel W. DeHayes)
"Pallet Layout for Optimum Space Utilization," Transportation & Distribution Management, (January, 1964), pp. 17-24; and (February, 1964), pp. 23-33.
LOGWARE Version 5.0 Copyright 2004 A set of sixteen decision support modules to aid in logistics instruction and solution of logistics problems.
NETWORK Version 10.0 Copyright 2005 with user's manual. A computer model for planning supply and distribution networks.
ROUTER Version 2.1 Copyright 1986 with user's manual. A computer model to plan vehicle routes and schedules.
“The Past, Present, and Future of Supply Chain Management: A Logistician’s Perspective” Doctoral Symposium, Cleveland State University, December, 2004.
“Planning Virtual Inventories” Proceedings of the 30th Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators Conference, Kansas City, MO, September 30, 2001, pp. xx. With Apostolos Burnetas. Also presented November, 2001at INFORMS in Miami, FL.
“Unresolved Issues in Supply Chain Network Design,” Proceedings of a Workshop on Supply Chain Management Practice and Research: Status and Future Directions, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, April 18 – 19, 2001, pp. 9-1 – 9-14.
“Supply Chain Opportunities and Managerial Challenges in the 21st Century,” II Foro de Operaciones, Instituto de Empresa, Madrid, Spain, October 25-26, 2000.
“Logistics Opportunities in the New Millenium and Today’s Challenges for Managers,” Transportation Research Forum, Cleveland, OH, April 18, 2000.
“Managerial Opportunities and Challenges in the New Millennium,” II Congreso Internacional de Logistics, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, January 19-21, 2000.
“Managing in the New Era of Multi-Enterprise Supply Chains” Proceedings of the 28th Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators Conference, Toronto, Ontario, CA, October 17, 1999, pp. 23-37. (A competitively selected paper.) With Stephen M. Gilbert and Ashok Mukerjee
“Evaluating Inventory Management Performance Using a Turnover Curve,” Proceedings of the 27th Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators' Conference, October 11, 1998. (A competitively selected paper.)
“Logistics System Design with NETWORK,” MBA class presentation, College of Business, The Ohio State University (1996 and 1997).
“Supply Chain Management and Decision Support Technology,” International seminar in Sao Paolo, Brazil. (May 16, 1996).
"Warehouse Location with Uncertain Stock Availability," Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators' Conference, October 2, 1993. (A competitively selected paper.) With Hamid Meshkat.
"Locating Warehouses and Other Facilities," Ph.D. Seminar, College of Business, The Ohio State University (November, 1992).
"A Survey of Commercial-Grade Warehouse Location Models," Proceedings of the National Meeting of the Council of Logistics Management, Vol. 1 (1991), pp. 145-180.
"Demand Aggregation Schemes to Minimize Transport Costing Error in Facility Location," Proceedings of the 21st Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators' Conference, September 29, 1991. (A competitively selected paper). Also presented at the annual meeting of the Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) and the University of North Florida.
"A Continued Comparison of Several Popular Algorithms for Vehicle Routing and Scheduling," Proceedings of the 18th Annual Transportation and Logistics Educator's Conference, October 9, 1988. (A competitively selected paper.)
"A Performance Comparison of Several Popular Algorithms for Vehicle Routing and Scheduling," Proceedings of the 17th Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators' Conference, September 27, 1987. (A competitively selected paper.) With Y. Agarwal.
"Information Considerations for Logistics Network Planning," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Logistics Management, Volume II, (1986), pp. 151-163.
"The Weak Link in Artificial Intelligence," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the National Council of Physical Distribution Management; (1984), pp. 509-512.
"Measuring Physical Distribution Performance", Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the National Council of Physical Distribution Management; (1983), pp. 836-851. With Omar K. Helferich.
"Perspectives in Vehicle Routing and Scheduling", Setting a Logistics Research Agenda, Martha Cooper (ed.), in Proceedings of the Logistics Educators' Conference, 1983, pp. 1-12. (With Kevin Bott). (A competitively selected paper.)
"DISPLAN: A Multiproduct Plant/Warehouse Location Model with Nonlinear Inventory Costs," Proceedings of the 12th Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators' Conference, San Francisco, CA, October 10, 1982. (A competitively selected paper.)
"A Proposed Computer Model for Strategic Inventory Development," Proceedings of the Logistics Resource Forum, Hot Springs, VA., September, 1981.
"Estimating Inventory Levels at Multiple Stocking Points," Logistics Educators' Conference Proceedings, 1979, Houston, Texas. Selected as the outstanding conference paper and received E.G. Plowman award. Also presented at AIDS, (1980), (a competitively selected paper); and at NCPDM National Meeting, (1980).
"Needed Developments in Models for Logistics System Design," American Institute of Decision Sciences Proceedings, (1978), pp. 94-95.
"Distribution Analysis for Marketing and Production Planning," presented to The Sixth Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators' Conference, October, 1976, St. Louis, MO. (A competitively selected paper); and presented to the Southern Marketing Association, October, 1977, Atlanta, Georgia (Past National Officer and Member).
"Computer-Associated Methods in Physical Distribution," Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the National Council of Physical Distribution Management, 1975.
"A Survey of Current Status and Trends in Transportation and Logistics," presented to the Fourth Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators' Conference, October, 1974, at Philadelphia, PA. (A competitively selected paper.)
"Future Perspectives in Logistics," Proceedings of Operations/Logistics Workshop of the Sixth National American Institute of Decision Sciences Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, October 30, 1974.
"Transportation Productivity¾The Great Inflation Fighter," Annual Meeting of the Ohio Chapter of the American Society of Traffic and Transportation, Kent, Ohio, November 14, 1974.
"Industrial Buyers' Purchase Response to Physical Distribution Service Changes," in J. R. Grabner (ed.) Perspectives in Logistics Research, Proceedings of the Third Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators' Conference, (San Francisco, CA, 1973), pp. 12-30, with Manohar Kalwani. (A competitively selected paper.)
"Computer Assisted Case Studies--A New Tool for Logistics Education," in James E. Robeson (ed.), Logistics Education Curriculum Design and Teaching Technology, Proceedings for the First Annual Transportation and Logistics Educators' Conference, Philadelphia, PA, 1976.
"Developing Definite Statements of the Customer Service Function," Proceedings for the National Council of Physical Distribution Management, October 13-15, 1971. Philadelphia, PA.
"Quantitative Models for Short-Range Logistics Planning--Feast or Famine," Proceedings of the National Council of Physical Distribution Management, October 14-16, 1970, at Chicago, IL.
"Cooperation at the Interface of Marketing and Logistics," presented at a seminar on marketing held at the University of Oklahoma, April, 1970.
"Logistics Planning in Inter-Organization Systems," Proceedings, 26th Annual Meeting, Academy of Management, (December, 1966), pp. 124-136 ( With J. L. Heskett)
Grant ($50,000) from Revco D.S., Inc. for warehouse location study.
Grant ($5,000) from Leaseway Transportation Corporation for support in warehouse location and in vehicle routing and scheduling.
Grant ($35,000) from Garr Consulting Group, division of Deliotte and Touche to create the NETWORK model in an object oriented format.